skin cancer | Skin cancer

Skin cancer

Skin cancer occurs when the healthy and benign cells of the skin tissue start to become malignant. Skin cancers are common. Melanoma, or tummasolusyöpä, originates from cells producing skin dye (melanin), called melanocytes.

Basal cell carcinoma (basaliooma)

Squamous cell carcinoma

Melanoma
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Basal cell carcinoma or basalioma is the most common type of skin cancer. Approximately 8 500 Finns are affected every year, a little more women than men. However, not all basal cell cancers of the skin end up in the statistics, so their actual number will probably be up to 12,000 – 14 000 per year.

These are the second most common types of skin cancers and are found in Finland around 1 700 each year.

The third common skin cancer is melanoma, which is diagnosed every year by more than 1 400 Finns.


Skin cancer is most often visible because it arises from the outer layers of the skin. That is why it is often discovered early on, when treatment is straightforward and prognosis good.

The risk of skin cancers increases with age and they are mostly cancers of the elderly. However, melanoma is also present in young adults. In children, melanoma is rare.

Basal cell carcinoma (basalioma) occurs in areas that have been exposed to sun's UV radiation. Typically, basal cell carcinoma grows slowly and emits rarely metastases.

Squamous cell carcinoma is a malignant tumor of the skin's cornea. In addition to exposed areas, it occurs in connection with chronic wounds and irritated scars and at the borders of mucous membranes. In most cases, squamous cell carcinoma begins with the precursors, such as Actinic keratosis or Bowen's disease. Squamous cell carcinoma behaves more aggressively than basal cell carcinoma: It haars earlier, grows faster, spreads to deeper tissues more quickly and sometimes transmits metastases.

Melanoma is more serious than other skin cancers. It is one of the strongest cancers in the west.

Causes of skin cancer
Solar ultraviolet radiation is the single most important cause of skin cancer. The most important thing is precisely the The cumulative dose is how much the human being has received ultraviolet radiation throughout his life. As a result, the risk of illness is highest in the elderly and in the outdoor work.

Sun (without cancer)

Basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma are susceptible to areas that have been most exposed to ultraviolet radiation. These places include the face, the main law, the upper body and the back of the hand.

Skin burning increases the risk of skin cancer. Particularly susceptible to skin cancer and melanoma are light-skinned, blue-eyed, pungent and inflammable people.

The high creativity and atypical creations increase the risk of melanoma.
Previously administered radiation and chemotherapy, medications that deplete the immune system and certain other skin conditions also increase the risk of skin cancer.

What causes cancer?

Skin cancer heredity

Ihosyöpiin is not usually associated with hereditary susceptibility. Less than 10% of melanoma is associated with hereditary predispositions. If two first-degree genders are infected with melanoma, the skin should be monitored regularly a couple of times a year and unnecessary sun exposure should be avoided.

Hereditary factors also influence the sensitivity of the human being and how much he has created.

Cancer NGO Inheritance Counseling

Cancer heredity

Protection factors

Skin cancer can be prevented by protecting from the sun. It is important to avoid excessive sun exposure and to protect the skin with clothing and sunscreen. You should use a high safety factor in protective creams and add the ointment several times during your stay in the sun. Skin protection also reduces the risk of recurrepose of skin cancer. Children's skin is a good idea to protect the sun with impervious clothing.

The majority of skin cancers are preventable with clothing and protective creams.

Basal cell carcinoma (basaliooma)

Basal cell carcinoma Symptoms

Basal cell carcinoma is seen as skin lesions or lumps that appear on the face, head, ear, upper body or the back of the hand. The changes are different depending on the type of basal cell carcinoma.

The most common form of basal cell carcinoma (nodulular or noduloxetine) starts in the skin as a small pink or red asymptomatic noptic, topped with dilated blood vessels. The change grows slowly and is haopened from the middle. At the edges of the change, a tuberous, helminauchish edge is rotated around the blood vessels.

In contrast, the skin changes in the micchronular basal cell carcinoma are commonly observed in low-elevation areas. The superficial basal cell carcinoma usually occurs in the body and limb. On the skin there is a flat, high-profile and reddish blob with a thin, lank edge. The skin changes usually show superficial small ulcers and scabs.

If the basal cell carcinoma is not treated, it grows slowly and causes increased ulcers. Ulcers are usually painless.

Basal cell carcinoma detection and studies

Basal cancer can be identified based on its appearance. However, final safety is obtained only from a sample of tissue on which the pathologist determines the form of the disease.

If the change is small, it is usually cut off completely when taking the tissue sample. For larger changes, first a mere tissue sample is taken.

Cancer detection and studies

Basal cell carcinoma Treatment

Basal cell cancer is usually treated with proper local treatment, as the disease usually does not send metastases. Most often, basal cell carcinoma is removed by cutting.

Cancer treatment

Surgery

Basal cell carcinoma surgeries are performed primarily in outpatient care because they are quick and simple. If the removed tumor is large, the surgical area is corrected by skin grafts or on the skin tabs. In this case the surgery requires plastic surgery and an ear doctor if necessary.

Almost all basal cell cancers can be cured by surgery.

Cancer surgery

Radiotherapy

Radiation therapy is used in the treatment of basal cell carcinoma only in special cases if the tumor is very broad or there are several. Basal cell carcinoma is a sensitive tumor, so radiotherapy is highly effective.

The skin is pigmented after many years and the tissue gets wet. Therefore radiation therapy is recommended primarily for elderly patients.

Additional Radiotherapy for surgery: If the result of the surgery remains uncertain and the re-surgery would be troublesome, radiation treatment may be given after the operation.

Radiotherapy

Other treatments

Superficial and small basal cell cancers can also be treated by freezing with liquid nitrogen, burning with laser and skim through photodynamic therapy. However, they are not as effective as surgery.

In some cases, imiquimod ointment may also be used in the treatment of superficial basal cell carcinoma.

A new drug, VISMODEGIB, has been developed to treat widespread basal cell carcinoma.

Basal cell carcinoma monitoring, regeneration and prognosis

In most cases, it is sufficient for the patient to follow himself to develop new skin lesions. Medical follow-up is necessary in case of recurpensated basal cell carcinoma or in patients with multiple outbreaks.

All patients treated with basal cell carcinoma have a higher risk of having another skin cancer. On average, every third gets a new basal cell carcinoma within five years of treatment.

Basal cell carcinoma does not usually transmit metastases, so it does not lead to death after a year of illness.

Squamous cell carcinoma

Symptoms of Ocolusnocturnal

The precursor of the OCI- Actinic keratosis, which is a reddish, roundish, and sometimes flaky skin patch. At the beginning it can be confused with the usual rash. Over time, flaking increases and the rash becomes thicker.

The beginning of the squamous cell carcinoma often looks like a superficial carcase, under which a clear wound is revealed, which indicates the dissolution of the basal membrane. The change is usually located in a much suntan area, and around it there may be a tumor precursors. Sometimes the squamous cell carcinoma appears as a reddish tuberof skin and is applied when it becomes larger. It can also be in the lower lip.

The diameter of the flask is usually between 1 and 3 cm. Without treatment, it grows wide and penetrates deeper into the tissue.

In the past, healthy skin, rapidly growing and bleeding squamous cell carcinoma are easily noticed. Sometimes squamous cell carcinoma develops into a chronic wound, such as a sleeping wound or a leg wound. It will be more difficult to notice.

Detection and studies of Ocoloutime

Significant cell-in-doors are almost always visible without any technical aids – that is, the patient discovers the tumor.

The diagnostics of the Ocolouthouse are based on the predata (how long the change has increased on the skin, what symptoms it has caused, the amount of UV radiation received over the years, and possible predisposing diseases and treatments), the appearance of skin change and, if necessary, Sample.

The tumor is taken as a tissue sample. Even a small amount of tissue is enough to tell if it is a tumour. A larger sample of tissue is often required to identify other skin diseases.

If the local lymph nodes feel enlarged, they will also be sampled.

It may be difficult to see the cell head that is born in a chronic wound. This is why changes in such wounds are also readily given to the tissue sample.

Actinic keratosis and Bowen disease are sometimes indistinguishable without a test return. Both changes may occur in the same area of skin.

Cancer detection and studies

Classification of Ocolage

According to their degree of differentiation, they are classified into three categories: highly differentiated, moderately differentiated and poorly differentiated. The better the cell is differentiated – that is, the nearer it is to the normal cell structure – the slower it tends to grow or to send metastases. Poorly differentiated tumors, in turn, spread more easily, and their prognosis is somewhat worse than others.

There are several known precursors. The most common are Actinic keratosis, Actinic keilite, Leucoplakia and Bowen disease. The precursors are also managed in order not to become cancerous.

Cancer classification

Treatment of Ocolusnocturnal

The most important thing for the treatment of the OCAM is that the person who is sick will seek timely examinations and treatment. The treatment of minor changes is significantly easier than for large and potentially metastatic tumors. Small skin cancers always grow big.

The treatment of ocolusnocturnal therapy is almost always surgery. Sometimes we also use radiotherapy, but it is less common.

The precursors are also designed to prevent them from continuing to evolve. They are located on the outer floor of the skin at the epidermis or just around the corner. Precursors are managed locally.

The treatment of precursors is more important, the broader the changes and the more harm they are.

Cancer treatment

Surgery

It is almost always treated with surgery.

Small-sized cells are cut in the same way as basal cell cancers. In larger (more than 1 cm) cells, the larger area and the surgical area are harvested with skin grafts or tabs.

Also, profusable lymph nodes are cut out. In particular, large-scale lymph nodes in the head and neck area are sometimes also removed preventively.

Cancer surgery

Radiotherapy

Radiation therapy is used in the treatment of ocoloutic therapy only in special cases, if the patient's prognosis is poor, the surgery is technically difficult and extensive or the patient's general condition cannot withstand surgery. Radiotherapy does not cure the cell head, but reduces the symptoms and slows down the progression of cancer.

Additional Radiotherapy for surgery: if the tumor is very broad, it is sometimes possible to reduce it by radiotherapy before surgery. Radiotherapy may also be used as complementary therapy after surgery.

Radiotherapy

Local treatments

The precursors are usually administered locally because they are located on the outer layer of the skin. They can be treated locally by freezing, PDT or medicinal creams.

The area of skin to be treated for freezing, or kryotherapy, is frozen in a controlled manner with liquid nitrogen (-196 °c), which leads to hatching of the epidermis. Freezing therapy is best suited for individual actinic keratosis on the face or body and small changes to the Bowen disease.

In the treatment of PDT (Photodynamic therapy), the tumor cell is sensitized to light. Before treatment, the skin is scraped out of crits and dandruff, after which the skin is treated with a photosensitising ointment. The ointment should be applied for 3 to 4 hours, after which the area is illuminated with a red light for about seven minutes. Exposure causes oxygen radical reaction and destroys tumor tissue. The treatment will be repeated after one week. PDT treatment is used in particular for the more complex large-scale and individual renewable Actinic keratosis, as well as the changes in Bowen disease occurring in the face and legs.

The main medicine ointment for the treatment of Actinic keratosis and Bowen disease is imiquimod. The ointment is used 3 to 5 times a week for a period of 5 to 6 weeks. The cream causes a strong irritation reaction to the affected skin area and close to it. Efficacy is based on your immune response to local intensification, which clears changed cells from the area. The effect of the appearance of an irritant reaction remains modest. Another option is Dichlorfenac cream, which causes less irritation to the skin.

The carbon dioxide laser is used to exfoliate the active keilite of the lip.

Monitoring, regeneration and prognosis for occlusive nights

have been monitored for at least five years. The frequency of monitoring depends on the activity of the cancer and how much healthy tissue is removed from the tumour around the tumor and whether the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes.

After-care is active, but it can most often be done in primary care. These cancers are relatively fragile.

Possible metastases usually occur within two years of surgery.

The prognosis for small and shallow ocam is good. The highly differentiated ocolages of light damage areas confined to the upper part of the skin are also relatively harmless, as only every hundredth transmits metastases.

Clearly malignant, there are no premature symptoms evolving, rapidly growing, and early-breaking sores. Some of the spreading, low-differentiation rates of ocolage send metastases already quite early. Late filing reduces the prognosis.

After five years of diagnosis, less than half of the patients suffering from metastatic cell carcinoma are alive.

Melanoma

Melanoma Symptoms

The majority of melanoma is visible on the skin. About half of the melanoma originates from an existing bullet. Melanoma may be born as a new creation or as a skin change in previously healthy skin.

You may want to show your doctor if it grows or becomes blurry or darker, reddish or bluish, or black. It is also necessary to check the eyelids, swollen, wet, or itchy, or have a runny, viscous or bleeding.

All new creations are not melanoma, but the age of humans often creates new, benign creatures.

Watch for your creations (without cancer)

If melanoma is allowed to grow in peace, dark dots may develop around it. Satellites. The appearance of these metastasis in the skin around the eyelid is always a sign of melanoma.

In males, melanoma is the most common in the body area, in women's limbs.

Melanoma can also occur under the nail or in a fingernail, so it can be difficult to identify. It can also be difficult to observe a rare form of melanoma that does not contain any skin tumor. Melanoma can also be in the mucous membranes or in the eye.

Melanoma Detection and studies

The doctor will carefully examine the skin and remove the suspicious eyelid or skin. The sample is examined in a microscope to see if it is a cancer.

If a suspicious area proves to be melanoma, the surgeon will remove the shear scar and the necessary area around it. If necessary, the state of the lymph nodes is investigated by a guard node study.

The necessary additional studies are planned only after the operation. If the melanoma is localized and superficial and the guard of the knot is clean, sufficient for mere monitoring.

If the tumor is larger, the extent of the disease is investigated by further studies. A computed tomography or layer description is usually performed. In addition, one can take an ordinary radiograph of the lungs or lymph nodes and liver echo-i.e. ultrasound.

Cancer detection and studies

Melanoma classification

Melanoma treatment and the patient's prognosis depend on the prevalence of the disease, the melanoma depth growth and the patient's overall condition.

The prevalence of melanoma is expressed by the use of the TNM classification. The TNM-classification T (tumor) represents the tumour penetration in the environment, i.e. melanoma depth growth, N (node) spread to nearby lymph nodes and M (metastasis) potential elsewhere in the metastases. Lymph nodes are small pavulike filters through which the lymph flows.

Melanoma's depth is described in turn. Breslow, where the thickness of the tumor is measured by a microscope in millimetres of the thickest point.

Melanoma is considered to be superficial if its thickness is not more than 2 mm. If melanoma is found to be very superficial, the risk of spreading it is low. In the deeper time, melanoma transmits easily metastases through blood or lymphatic system to other parts of the body.

Melanoma's common metastasis sites include the skin, lymph nodes, lungs, liver, brain and bone. The first metastases usually occur in regional lymph nodes.

Cancer classification

Melanoma Treatment

The most common form of treatment for melanoma is surgery. The broader the melanoma has had time to spread, the more we also need other treatments in addition to surgery.

There is no established treatment practice for the treatment of metastatic melanoma. It is used to treat a variety of medical treatments and rarely radiotherapy.

Cancer treatment

Surgery

Surgery is usually a melanoma first treatment. Early-stage benign melanoma is removed so that the healthy tissue is taken from the area of 1 cm. The deeper melanoma requires a wider removal and a healthy edge of 1 – 2 cm. The resulting opening may need to be replaced by skin graft elsewhere, as is the case when local skin satellites surround the parent tumor.

The surgical procedure examines whether the nearest lymph nodes are metastases. It is important because the melanoma cells are easily transported from the parent to the nearest lymph node area.

The so-called Guard node Study (guard node biopsy) can be used to identify the lymph node or the lymph nodes to which the lymph is transported from the growing first. This or these lymph nodes depict the entire lymph node in the area of the space very well. If there is no tumor tissue in the guard nodes, there is no need to remove any lymph nodes in the area.

The treatment of the spread of melanoma may also occasionally be used for surgery. It is possible to remove individual metastases by surgery, but other treatments are also required.

Regrowth of melanoma: surgery is sometimes suitable for recurtive melanoma if the disease is confined to a small area. Sometimes surgery is done to relieve symptoms if, for example, metastasis clogs the intestines.

Cancer surgery

Radiotherapy

Radiotherapy is a high-energy ionising radiation that destroys cancer cells and reduces the tumor in the area where radiation is applied.

Radiation therapy is not normally used in the treatment of melanoma. However, sometimes radiation therapy may be used after surgery if the lymph nodes have a large number of metastases or the tumour is not completely cut off.

In the prevalence of melanoma, radiation therapy may be used when the patient has one local metastasis which cannot be surgically removed. Sometimes radiotherapy can slow down the flow of the disease.

In the treatment of metastases, there is a need for a higher standard of single-beam doses because melanoma does not react sensitively to radiotherapy.

Radiation therapy always creates disadvantages

Radiotherapy

Treatment of symptoms with radiotherapy: radiotherapy has the potential to relieve symptoms caused by metastasis in the bone or brain.

Drug treatments

In the prevalence of melanoma, medicinal treatments are important when the disease cannot be cut or chime. Immunological medicinal products, antidotes and cell blockers are substances intended to destroy cancer cells. They can be given as tablets or as a drip directly into a vein. Medicines are transported through the blood circulation to all parts of the body and therefore affect the outside of the parent tumor.

Immunological treatments

Immunological therapies are intended to enhance the body's defences against cancer cells. Immunological medicinal products have been used for the longest time in interferon Alfa. It can be used as injections after surgery for those melanoma patients with a high risk of recurration. Treatment may cause the melanoma to move forward, but it also involves disadvantages.

In an advanced melanoma treatment, interferon Alfa can be combined with chemotherapy.

New melanoma Medications

In the treatment of generalised skin melanoma, medicinal products that affect T-cell defense can be used, such as nivolumab, pembritumab, or ipilimumab. These immunological therapies may be administered intravenously in good condition in patients with metastatic, slow-growing progression of skin melanoma.

Targeted medicines. Precision Medicines

There are two targeted tablet medications available for the treatment of generalised melanoma: dabrafenib and vemurafenib.

In turn, these medicines only resonate with melanoma with a B-RAF genetic defect. A genetic defect is being studied in melanoma from metastasis or sometimes from the mother's tumor. The genetic defect is found in about 50% of skin melanoma, but in the eye melanoma it is very rare.

cell blockers

In general, chemotherapy is not used in the treatment of local melanoma.

Chemotherapy is administered approximately every three weeks as repeated The most commonly used medicine is dacarbazine, either on its own or in different combinations.

Chemotherapy has side effects with varying levels of intensity.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy does not cure the spread of melanoma, but it may decrease the tumor and slow the progression of the disease.

Melanoma monitoring, regeneration and prognosis

Melanoma monitoring usually lasts about five years. If the risk of relapse is low, monitoring is usually carried out in primary care.

Monitoring is a surgical area and lymph node areas. In addition, the patient's general condition and the possible late disadvantages of therapies are monitored. More detailed studies are needed if the patient has some symptoms. In the search for metastases, it is possible to use echocardiogram (ultrasound), a slice of the description (TT), or in special cases FGD-PET-TT research. Melanoma may recur after treatment in the original area or elsewhere in the body.

The majority of recurreence comes within two years of treatment.

Recurrent melanoma behaves very individually and variously. Sometimes metastases are only given to a specific area and the disease can be surgically removed for a long time. Sometimes it is necessary to repeat surgeries and medical treatments, after which the patient may have a long history of asymptomatic. However, many of the more recured melanoma are progressing rapidly.

Melanoma's prognosis, i.e. the ability of the patient to heal his illness, is significantly influenced by the extent to which the tumor grows and if it has sent metastases. Classification is also relevant to the selection of further treatment.

Superficial melanoma improves almost all, and the melanoma that is confined to the lymph nodes improves by about half.